How effective is the Prologue Essay

In my opinion, the prologue is a striking and extremely effective introduction to one of the greatest tragedies ever written. One of the most unusual things about the Prologue is its structure; the fact that it is written in the sonnet form is very significant. The sonnet form of poetry is perhaps the most demanding and challenging poetic form that exists. For hundreds of years the sonnet (of which Shakespeare wrote 154) has been recognised as a structure that is only attempted by the greatest of poets such as Shakespeare or Wordsworth. It is often associated with love poetry and the fact that Shakespeare chooses the sonnet format to open Romeo and Juliet suggests his motive to prepare the audience with the love story to come. The sonnet is made up from 3 quatrains each consisting of 4 lines, with the rhyme scheme a,b,a,b, each quatrain telling us something different about the forthcoming play. The sonnet is finished by a rhyming couplet- a pair of lines that have the rhyming scheme c,c. Some might question why Shakespeare chose such a difficult poetic structure to open the play however it is clear to me that he chose the sonnet to grab the audience’s attention but also to demonstrate his showcase of literary talent. The sonnet reveals to the audience the degree of Shakespeare’s poetic genius to create a language – which in all its diversity can capture the most beautiful love story of all time. The first quatrain explains the background and setting to the play, explaining that the play is set in Verona, Italy. Shakespeare chose Italy as the setting for a number of his plays; although it is thought that he never actually travelled to the country, it was regarded in Elizabethan times to be a country of wealth and romance. It is entirely fitting that an immortal tragedy should take as its backdrop ‘fair Verona’ (line 2 Prologue) in one of the homes of classical civilisation. In Elizabethan times Italy was thought of as a country full of sexual and social intrigue; where often men fell in love with wealthy heiresses. The Nurse’s observation to Romeo, ‘he that can lay hold of here / Shall have the chinks’ (Act1 Scene 2 lines 116-117) suggests a common motive for love at that time. In the first line of the prologue, we are told that the house of Montague and Capulet are ‘both alike in dignity’, meaning that they both have equal yet important stature within Verona. It is significant that Shakespeare chose to base the plot of the play around two affluent families, proving that the greatest of tragedies can still occur within aristocratic families with the greatest wealth. We are not only told that there is nothing to choose between the families but also that there is only one heir of each household, creating a balance within the play but also an idea of opposites. In line three of the Prologue, Shakespeare explains to the audience that there is an ‘ancient grudge’ between the houses. We are told that this feud has been apparent for so many years that it is now self-perpetuating and of the cause no-one is really sure. In Act 1 Scene 1 line 80, the Prince exclaims that the feud has been ‘bred of an airy word’, meaning that the everlasting hostility between the two houses has no remembered cause. However Shakespeare catches the audience’s attention and creates suspense by using the phrase, ‘break to new mutiny’. We are warned of a new more violent generation of Montagues and Capulets who are willing to kill and take the quarrel to a different more violent level. This ‘new mutiny’ is definitely exacerbated by Tybalt – an aggressive, vindictive youth of the Capulet house who says (Act 1 Scene 1 line 61), ‘†¦peace? I hate the word, As I hate hell, all Montagues, and thee. ‘ Tybalt is described as ‘fier’ and a ‘Prince of Cats’, all implying his volatile and fearsome temper. He represents the ugliness that lies below the divided society in Verona but also is determined to keep it that way. In the forth line of the Prologue, the audience are informed about the civil side of the brawl, ‘Where civil blood makes civil hands unclean’. This phrase is important for it demonstrates the vast scale of the grudge – even the citizens of Verona are now becoming involved. In Act 1 Scene 1, the Prince calls the Montagues and Capulets, ‘Profaners of this neighbour-stained steel’ as their swords are stained with the blood of their innocent neighbours who have no reason to become involved in the conflict. However it is clear that the two houses will not end the feud until the Lords of the households condemn the fighting (which they clearly do not do). In Act 1 Scene1 there is a public scuffle and Capulet exclaims, ‘Give me my long sword’ and likewise Montague shouts, ‘thou villain Capulet!†¦let me go. ‘ The elder generation of Montagues and Capulets constantly fuel the feud and encourage it by setting a poor example. In the second quatrain, Shakespeare tells the audience about the lovers. We are told that they are from â€Å"fatal loins†- signifying death and already indicating their tragic fate. The idea of fate is one which Shakespeare experiments on throughout the whole play. Within the Prologue, we are given an interesting glimpse of the experiment Shakespeare conducts with destiny and fate. The audience are told that the lovers are â€Å"star-crossed† which not only indicates their catastrophic fate but speaks of the fact that the lovers were destined to acquire it. The next part of the Prologue is often puzzling for Shakespeare tells the audience that the lovers are going to die – some might say he is ‘letting the cat out of the bag’. However the knowledge that the lovers ‘misadventured piteous overthrows doth with their death bury their parents strife’ adds pathos to our view of events and the audience is allowed an overview of the lover’s actions. We see Romeo and Juliet struggling to attain happiness and know that they are always doomed to fail. In the play, we are presented with Romeo in a way that makes us believe that he is always a victim of fate. Friar Lawrence, whose role in the play is to try to unite the feuding families by strategically marrying Romeo and Juliet (thereby bringing peace to the streets of Verona) tells Romeo that he is, â€Å"wedded to calamity†. This again emphasises the strong prominence of fortune in the play, which Shakespeare cleverly gives us a taster of in the Prologue by calling the lovers â€Å"star-crossed† and their parents’ loins â€Å"fatal†. In Act 3 Scene 1, Romeo proclaims that he is ‘fortune’s fool’ and also puts himself in the hands of fate in Act 1 Scene5 by saying, â€Å"He that hath the steerage of my course, direct my sail! † Again Shakespeare presents to the audience the idea of fate and that it is almost leading Romeo in the wrong way. However later in the play we see a defiant Romeo who has learn of Juliet’s death and attempts to defy his destiny by exclaiming (Act 5 Scene1), â€Å"I defy you stars†. Nevertheless we are told that a consequence of the deaths of the two lovers will be that they will â€Å"bury their parents’ strife†. This means that by the end of the play the feud between the families will have been resolved. We definitely see this new family alliance at the end of the play for Lord Montague and Lord Capulet shake hands and Lord Capulet expresses his sorrow saying, â€Å"O brother Montague, give me your hand†. The shaking of hands signals the end of the feud, securing what the Friar had always sought to achieve, ‘To turn (their) households’ rancour to pure love’ (Act 2 Scene3). Fate itself is seen to be the result of divine workings: as the play nears its conclusion, Friar Lawrence reports that he has begged Juliet to leave the vault and ‘bear this work of heaven with patience’ (Act 5 Scene3) , whilst the Price echoes the sentiment in his final rebuke to the families that ‘heaven finds means to kill your joys with love’ (Act 5 Scene3). In Act 5 Scene 3, the Friar says that â€Å"A greater power than we can contradict hath thwarted our intents† – meaning that God had already decided that the cruel fate of the lovers. Yet again, there is a strong emphasis of fate and destiny but also of religion. It is not surprising that Shakespeare was so fascinated with the idea of fate – for he lived in a time of little scientific discovery in which religion ‘filled in’ any gaps of knowledge. In a wider sense, the play may be viewed as a dramatic representation of the perpetual conflict between love and hatred which enmeshes a pair of unfortunate lovers. However, also evident at the end of the play is the Christian concept of dying for ones sins – Romeo and Juliet are sacrificed to end the constantly intensifying feud between the two families. We are next presented with the third quatrain, in which Shakespeare overviews the plot of the play to come. The chorus explains to the audience that they will see how the lovers meet, love and die in the play, â€Å"The fearful passage of their death-marked love†¦ † He again speaks of the evitable sacrifice of the lovers’ lives in order to end their parents’ strife, â€Å"and the continuance of their parents’ rage, which but their children’s end nought could remove†. In this quatrain we also see the practical side of Shakespeare who tells the audience that the play is two hours long, â€Å"is now the two hours’ traffic of our stage†. The completion of the sonnet form is in the presence of the final rhyming couplet; which in this case tells the audience to listen to the forthcoming play if they missed any of the Prologue. It is a simple yet self-explanatory rhyming couplet, which speaks of the actors jobs as to â€Å"strive to mend† what the audience has missed – thus telling one of the most beautiful love stories of all time, Romeo and Juliet.

Nutrition programs Essay

Traditionally, nutrition programs were targeted to the indigent and poor populations in developing countries. Many of today’s Americans are malnourished also, but they are inundated with unhealthy foods and require a multidisciplinary approach to nutrition education. What would be the three most important points to include in a public nutrition program? Provide current literature to support your answer and include two nutritional education community resources. Malnourishment is no longer an issue seen only in the indigent population and developing countries. Many Americans are also plagued with this issue, largely due to unhealthy food choices. Providing a multidisciplinary approach to public nutrition education will help in combating the problem. There are many aspects which should be covered in these programs, however, we will look at three top points. 1.) The relationship between eating behaviors and chronic diseases Several chronic diseases can occur in relationship to unhealthy eating. Cardiovascular disease, obesity and diabetes are a few. Eating foods high in fat can lead to coronary artery disease which can lead to heart blockage which can lead to death. High fat foods as well as over eating can lead to obesity, which can lead to cardiovascular disease and/or diabetes which can lead to death. Though most complications and/or diseases will manifest themselves in adulthood, looking back most will find the risk factors began in early childhood with poor food choices. As stated by Green Facts (n.d.), â€Å"The risks of developing chronic diseases begin in fetal life and continue into old age. Thus, adult chronic diseases reflect the combined effects of prior exposure to damaging environments.† As you can see, it is a vicious cycle we must be cognizant of throughout every stage of life. 2.) Mindful Eating Each time you prepare a meal your first thoughts should be on the nutritional value of the food and then â€Å"am I really hungry, or am I eating for some other reason?† For example, it is mid-afternoon at work and you are hungry and unable to wait until dinner time. Your choices are high calorie, high fat, nutrient dense items from the vending machine or a granola bar, fruit or yogurt. An appropriate snack choice would be the granola bar, fruit or  yogurt. Another example: you are sitting at home at 8:00pm on a Thursday night watching television. You go to your pantry and retrieve a bag of chocolate chip cookies. At this point, stop and ask yourself, â€Å"am I hungry or am I choosing to eat right now because I am bored?† If you are going to eat them out of boredom find something else to do to occupy your time, such as read a book, do a craft, or play a game with your family. As stated by Harris (2013), â€Å"The core principles of mindful eating include being aware of the nourishment available through the process of food preparation and consumption, choosing enjoyable and nutritious foods, acknowledging food preferences nonjudgmentally, recognizing and honoring physical hunger and satiety cues and using wisdom to guide eating decisions.† 3.) Cooking demonstrations When talking to individuals about healthy eating often times they say they do not know the proper foods to prepare or how to prepare them to maintain their nutritional value. Offering cooking demonstrations would offer a hands on approach to the issue. We also make sure we are teaching about foods that are affordable and easily accessible in the area. Nutritional education community resources in the greater Houston, Texas area: Houston Food Bank Portwall Headquarters 535 Portwall Street Houston, Texas 77029 713-223-3700 Texas Department of State Health Services, Women, Infants and Children Program (WIC) 711 N. Velasco, Ste. A Angleton, Texas 77515 1 (800) 942-3678 Reference: Harris, C. (2013). Mindful eating. Today’s Dietitian, 15. Retrieved from http://www.todaysdietitian.com/newarchives/030413p42.shtml Green Facts: Diet and nutrition prevention of chronic diseases. Retrieved November 17, 2014 from http://www.greenfacts.org/en/diet-nutrition/l-2/3-childhood-eating-habits.htm#1 Houston Food Bank: Nutrition education. Retrieved November 16, 2014 from http://www.houstonfoodbank.org/programs/nutrition-education/ Texas Department of State Health Services, Women, Infants and Children Program (WIC). Retrieved November 16, 2014 from http://www.dshs.state.tx.us/wichd/

Computer Aided Instruction

COMPUTER-AIDED INSTRUCTION Douglas N. Arnold I. Introduction Computer-Aided Instruction (CAI), diverse and rapidly expanding spectrum of computer technologies that assist the teaching and learning process. CAI is also known as computer-assisted instruction. Examples of CAI applications include guided drill and practice exercises, computer visualization of complex objects, and computer-facilitated communication between students and teachers. The number of computers in American schools has risen from one for every 125 students in 1981 to one for every nine students in 1996.While the United States leads the world in the number of computers per school student, Western European and Japanese schools are also highly computerized. II. Types of CAI Information that helps teach or encourages interaction can be presented on computers in the form of text or in multimedia formats, which include photographs, videos, animation, speech, and music. The guided drill is a computer program that poses qu estions to students, returns feedback, and selects additional questions based on the students’ responses.Recent guided drill systems incorporate the principles of education in addition to subject matter knowledge into the computer program. Computers also can help students visualize objects that are difficult or impossible to view. For example, computers can be used to display human anatomy, molecular structures, or complex geometrical objects. Exploration and manipulation of simulated environments can be accomplished with CAI-ranging from virtual laboratory experiments that may be too difficult, expensive, or dangerous to perform in a school environment to complex virtual worlds like those used in airplane flight simulators.CAI tools, such as word processors, spreadsheets, and databases, collect, organize, analyze, and transmit information. They also facilitate communication among students, between students and instructors, and beyond the classroom to distant students, instru ctors, and experts. CAI systems can be categorized based on who controls the progression of the lesson. Early systems were linear presentations of information and guided drill, and control was directed by the author of the software. In modern systems, and especially with visualization systems and simulated environments, control often rests with the student or with the instructor.This permits information to be reviewed or examined out of sequence. Related material also may be explored. In some group instructional activities, the lesson can progress according to the dynamics of the group. III. Advantages and Disadvantages CAI can dramatically increase a student’s access to information. The program can adapt to the abilities and preferences of the individual student and increase the amount of personalized instruction a student receives. Many students benefit from the immediate responsiveness of computer interactions and appreciate the self-paced and private learning environment. Moreover, computer-learning experiences often engage the interest of students, motivating them to learn and increasing independence and personal responsibility for education. Although it is difficult to assess the effectiveness of any educational system, numerous studies have reported that CAI is successful in raising examination scores, improving student attitudes, and lowering the amount of time required to master certain material. While study results vary greatly, there is substantial evidence that CAI can enhance learning at all educational levels.In some applications, especially those involving abstract reasoning and problem-solving processes, CAI has not been very effective. Critics claim that poorly designed CAI systems can dehumanize or regiment the educational experience and thereby diminish student interest and motivation. Other disadvantages of CAI stem from the difficulty and expense of implementing and maintaining the necessary computer systems. Some student failures ca n be traced to inadequate teacher training in CAI systems. Student training in the computer technology may be required as well, and this process can distract from the core educational process.Although much effort has been directed at developing CAI systems that are easy to use and incorporate expert knowledge of teaching and learning, such systems are still far from achieving their full potential. IV. History In the mid-1950s and early 1960s a collaboration between educators at Stanford University in California and International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) introduced CAI into select elementary schools. Initially, CAI programs were a linear presentation of information with drill and practice sessions.These early CAI systems were limited by the expense and the difficulty of obtaining, maintaining, and using the computers that were available at that time. Programmed Logic for Automatic Teaching Operations (PLATO) system, another early CAI system initiated at the University of I llinois in the early 1960s and developed by Control Data Corporation, was used for higher learning. It consisted of a mainframe computer that supported up to 1000 terminals for use by individual students. By 1985 over 100 PLATO systems were operating in the United States.From 1978 to 1985 users logged 40 million hours on PLATO systems. PLATO also introduced a communication system between students that was a forerunner of modern electronic mail (messages electronically passed from computer to computer). The Time-shared Interactive Computer-Controlled Information Television (TICCIT) system was a CAI project developed by Mitre Corporation and Brigham Young University in Utah. Based on personal computer and television technology, TICCIT was used in the early 1970s to teach freshman-level mathematics and English courses.With the advent of cheaper and more powerful personal computers in the 1980s, use of CAI increased dramatically. In 1980 only 5 percent of elementary schools and 20 perce nt of secondary schools in the United States had computers for assisting instruction. Three years later, both numbers had roughly quadrupled, and by the end of the decade nearly all schools in the United States, and in most industrialized countries, were equipped with teaching computers. A recent development with far ranging implications for CAI is the vast xpansion of the Internet, a consortium of interlinked computers. By connecting millions of computers worldwide, these networks enable students to access huge stores of information, which greatly enhances their research capabilities. Contributed By: Douglas N. Arnold, A. B. , M. A. , Ph. D. Distinguished Professor, Pennsylvania State University. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE â€Å"Computer-Aided Instruction,† Microsoft ® Encarta ® Online Encyclopedia 2000 http://encarta. msn. com  © 1997-2000 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Management Information systems- Business company system Essay

Management Information systems- Business company system - Essay Example The objective of this shop is to sell sweets & cupcakes. Amal Saif started the business with help of her family since December 2008. â€Å"Amal Saif â€Å"is the owner of the shop and she has 2 employees who assist her in cooking & sale and take orders. And they are making a great repute amongst customer. Vision: The company’s core mission is to provide its customers a verity in sweets market. In the current age of globalization, the taste buds are acquiring some thing new almost every day. Food and food production are affecting our surroundings and capturing us in subtle and profound ways. Our food choices changes every day and with every individual it is now far more beyond only filling your appetite. Mini treats vision goes beyond daily bread to working more mindfully and providing the living community the better taste and especially making their sweet moments pleasurable with our wide range of sweets and cup cakes. Mission: Mini treats is totally an environmental based c ompany working towards the satisfaction of its customer. Our core mission is to provide the best and the quality in our sweets also making it assure that they are according to the taste of all age levels. The sweets we provide must cover all the health measures. We also ensure that we follow and restrict our self in making environment clean and healthy. Information Systems Strategy: A very basic information system (a simple desktop computer as hardware and Ms excel to keep the record) is in use at Mini Treats as it is a small company and having only three employees that’s the whole works is divided between all three so the owner takes control of all the transaction like she answer calls to take orders she write everything in a note book. And at the end of the day she put it in the excel program. In that way she knows the daily sales. Moreover she has a contract with three suppliers. One supplier for flour, sugar, oil, Milk & butter, second supplier is for sweet flavors and de coration colors and the third supplier is for cakes boxes. Stakeholders Who are the stakeholders of the project? There are two main stakeholder the group is currently working on the project and the initiative department of that project is the basic stake holder as they acquired all the information regarding the under discussion company. What are their roles and responsibilities? The major role of the group is to do a complete analysis of the company and its undergone information system and suggesting the right measures to take to grow its business by a little investing. What are their information requirements? The information is acquired by the stake holder is the complete history of the company. The products it is selling and the information system it is using. Is it on a manual system or a little bit of information technology it is using. All the suppliers of the company must be clearly mentioned so that they will be helpful in designing a complete and effective management system. Current System: Mini treats is using a manual system. Though it does have computer and Microsoft excel in use but the whole process is still done manually as the owner of the company keep the record of daily order in a note book and at the end of the day she enters in the Excel sheet. The company also has suppliers of food products so the owner has to keep the record of all the transaction manually. She called them when to make a new order. And then keep the record of

Psychology of Training & Development - Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Psychology of Training & Development - - Essay Example That would be a measurable and statistically significant improvement achieved. (b) State the statistical test you would use to analyse the data from the experiment in order to test the hypotheses you have set out in part (a). Describe the purpose of this test and any conditions that should be observed in using it. (350 words) One should realize that there is only so much that one test can measure. â€Å"[M]easuring organizational culture, of itself, is only a means to an end† (Chmiel 2000, pp. 362). The statistical test that would be used to analyse the data from the experiment would be SPSS software. This would be able to measure the relative level of success or failure that the participants had with regard to using the computer model as well as the level of success using the 2-D floor plan. Luckily, this organization unfroze, realizing its necessity to change or face similar catastrophes in the future on the oil-platform. â€Å"‘[U]nfreezing’ involves showing t he organization that it needs to change and overcoming resistance to change† (Doyle 2003, pp. 66). Of course, conditions that should be observed in using such software include the actual environments in which the tests were conducted, not to mention the attitude of the managers who took tests as well which would analyse their attitudes towards their workers. There are â€Å"†¦managers†¦less concerned about the accuracy of ratings than†¦the organization† (Landy & Conte 2009, pp. 261). Obviously, the managers of the oil-platform should be given batteries of tests in order to evaluate how well they react to real-time emergencies. Managers who can keep their emotions in check during a disaster could save lives. â€Å"Emotion and emotion management are a prominent feature of organizational life†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Briner 1999, pp. 347). Additionally, the work motivation that is demonstrated by everyone will hopefully be present in other tests that could be done on all workers. It is true that â€Å"†¦more journal space over the years has been devoted to work motivation than to any other area of organizational psychology† (Levy 2009, pp. 229). The purpose of the SPSS test would basically be to analyse the data provided with regard to how the workers performed in terms of being able to evacuate quickly as well as perform well on the computer modules. This would demonstrate workers’ competency or lack thereof in their respective areas of expertise as workers on this oil-platform. Such testing must be part of normal organizational practices. (c) Critically review the design of the experiment

Denver Gem and Mineral Guild Show Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Denver Gem and Mineral Guild Show - Essay Example The show exhibits some of the most beautiful minerals across the state of Colorado and the entire world. The show usually last for three days featuring dealers in geology, jewelry, lapidary as well as fossil-related wares. The show also features private collectors, museums and rock clubs. The show is run in accordance with the principles and regulations of American Federation of Mineralogical Societies. There are usually various professionals lecturing about different topics throughout the period of the show with each annual event having a different theme. Many organizations across the state participate in the annual show and offer teachings about various topics. Local Denver clubs have a portion of the Show floor set aside for them. The show is a great fun and learning occasion in which local schools are usually invited. The show mainly focuses on promoting exhibition, exploration as well as education in earth

Elements of a Contract for a business Research Paper

Elements of a Contract for a business - Research Paper Example Contracts make clear what each party’s expectations are, and what each party is ready to give in return for the expected results. Elements of a business contract are many e.g. the Parties of a contact, which are the entities that are involved in the agreement. There is also the Consideration, which states and explains what the involved parties stand to gain from the agreement or arrangement. Terms and Conditions of business contacts do stipulate the obligations and rights of each party. Competent Parties; the parties involved must also be competent ones since a contract can be considered invalid in case it can be conveyed that a party was not mentally competent at the time of the contract agreement and signing. A business contract has to be of or for a Legal Purpose so that it can be regarded as being valid (www.expertlaw.com). Consideration is what both parties give to the other as the approved price for the others promises. Regularly, but not a must, the consideration is the payment of cash. It can be anything valuable including the promise of not doing something, or to desist from applying some right. The payment does not need to be fair. The courts will not intercede where a party has made a hard negotiation unless unconscionable conduct, duress or fraud is involved. If the consideration is there, then I as the former employee to the fabulous hotel will have to compensate them in one way or the other. Together with the hotel, would agree on what the compensation should be (www.smallbusiness.wa.gov.au). With in a contract, only what has been offered can be accepted. This implies that the offer has to be accepted precisely as it has been offered without conditions. If any new terms are suggested, then they are considered to be a counter offer which can be rejected or accepted. There can be numerous offers and counter offers before an agreement is reached. Who makes the final offer is not significant;

Campaign Measurables Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Campaign Measurables - Coursework Example The measure for the profitability is through an increased Return on Investment (ROI) and in marketing terms- Return on Marketing Investment (ROMI). There are several differences between GRPs and IMPs. To begin with, GRPs is the frequency or the number of times an advertising campaign reaches its target audience. It measures the impact of the advertising campaign on its audience. The real measure of the impact is through the sales that a particular advertising campaign is able to make in relation to a given product. GRP is a percentage that results from the multiplication of the reached target audience and the exposure frequency. On the other hand, (IMPs) represent the exposure of a particular advertisement or commercial to persons within the target audience (Tellis, 21). It is measured in terms of cost incurred to reach a thousand people; Cost per Thousand (CPM) or the cost incurred to reach a certain percentage of the audience; Cost per Point (CPP). The measure chosen by advertisers when pitching to clients is significant for the success of a campaign. It needs to be consistent with the annual goals of a campaign. This enables prior preparation in relation to the costs and the number of leads required for a campaign. Advertisers consider the ability of a given measure to hit the specific goals set (Tellis, 45). For instance, in the high profitability goals, the preferred measure needs to deliver a high Return on Investment in consideration of the overall budget. The chosen measure needs to focus on several prospects that ensure the achievement of optimum results. For instance, is should ensure a cost effective program through the conduction of a cost-benefit analysis. The benefits incurred when pitching to clients, needs to outweigh the costs incurred. Acquisition rate is a measure of the increase or growth in sales from a given

Taxation Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Taxation Case study - Essay Example The pension contributions made wholly and exclusively for the business purposes are deductible in the accounting period in which the payment is made. However the company may opt to spread it over a period o up to five years, if such contributions have exceeded 210 percent of the previous year's contribution. The capital gains and losses are, generally, calculated in the same way for companies as for individuals. While the net gains are included in the chargeable income, there is no taper relief that applies for individuals available to companies. No annual exemption is available to companies. Trading losses can be set off against all other income and gains of the accounting period, with provisions available for carry back and carry forward. Capital losses can be set off only against capital gains. This allowance is given at the rate of 4 percent on the eligible expenditure on the construction of industrial buildings or structures that are used for qualifying purposes. For claiming this allowance, the building should have been in actual use at the end of the chargeable period. A claim of 100 percent can be made if the expenditure is incurred on the construction of certain commercial buildings, including hotels located in enterprise zones. For capital expenditure on certain plant and machinery with at least 25 years of long working life and with a minimum expen... deduction of 25% is available for large companies. The pension contributions made wholly and exclusively for the business purposes are deductible in the accounting period in which the payment is made. However the company may opt to spread it over a period o up to five years, if such contributions have exceeded 210 percent of the previous year's contribution. Capital Gains: The capital gains and losses are, generally, calculated in the same way for companies as for individuals. While the net gains are included in the chargeable income, there is no taper relief that applies for individuals available to companies. No annual exemption is available to companies. Trading Losses: Trading losses can be set off against all other income and gains of the accounting period, with provisions available for carry back and carry forward. Capital losses can be set off only against capital gains. Capital Allowances: The following are some of the capital allowances available to the companies: Writing Down Allowance for Industrial Buildings: This allowance is given at the rate of 4 percent on the eligible expenditure on the construction of industrial buildings or structures that are used for qualifying purposes. For claiming this allowance, the building should have been in actual use at the end of the chargeable period. A claim of 100 percent can be made if the expenditure is incurred on the construction of certain commercial buildings, including hotels located in enterprise zones. Allowances on Plant and Machinery: Writing Down Allowance at the 25 percent on reducing balance method is available for capital expenditure incurred on plant and machinery. For capital expenditure on certain plant and machinery with at least 25 years of long working life and with a minimum expenditure of

Feminism and Misandry in Popular Culture Essay Example for Free

Feminism and Misandry in Popular Culture Essay Feminism is dead. What exactly do I mean? Feminism is meant to be about gender equality, but this is no longer true. Instead, feminism has become synonymous with misandry—the hatred of men. Men are society’s official scapegoats while women are portrayed as victims. Men are often penalized for the collective guilt of men throughout history, and women feel they deserve compensation for this perceived victimization in the past. While the early feminist movement ensured equal opportunity for women, it now serves women’s special interests. Popular opinion portrays men as violent and animalistic, while women are viewed as caring and matronly. This is a misnomer perpetuated by a gynocentric society. According to a 2003 study by the Domestic Violence Research Center, it is estimated that 6 million men are victims of domestic violence in Canada alone, accounting for nearly half of all instances of domestic violence. However, fewer than 100,000 cases of male domestic abuse were reported. While it is true that women make up a larger percentage of rape victims, one in thirty-three men is raped or attempted to be raped by a woman. Even more shocking is that less than 1% of all male rape cases are ever reported. Barbara Kay, a Canadian gender equalist, says that the disparity between the reported cases and estimated cases is†¦ â€Å"Due to cultural norms that require men to present a strong facade†¦ men are less likely to verbalize fear of any kind. † Further discrimination happens against fathers. It is commonly assumed that the best interests of the child coincide with the best interests of the mother, but this simply isn’t true. In the study conducted by Patrick Fagan and Dorothy Hanks published in The Child Abuse Crisis: The Disintegration of Marriage, Family, and the American Community, the most likely perpetrator of abuse to a child is the child’s mother. The father is the parent most likely to be the protector of children, and the same study found that the presence of a father greatly lessens the risk of child sexual abuse. Yet many child custody laws in Canada and the United States strongly favor women. Approximately 70% of all custody cases are awarded to women in Western culture, and this percentage drastically increases in America and in the South. Most significantly, though, is the guilt that men must endure. Masculine traits are considered shameful or low-brow, while feminine traits are viewed as refined or high-brow. Overt manliness is something likened to piggishness or idiocy. Male sexuality is depicted as lustful harassment, while female sexuality is flaunted as beautiful and elegant. The hatred of men has become so mainstream that even Hallmark—known for its politically correct sentiments—features cards reading â€Å"There are plenty of things easier than finding a good man†¦ Nailing Jell-O to a tree, for instance. † or â€Å"Men are scum†¦ Excuse me. For a second there, I was feeling generous. † Hallmark is not the only one making money off of popular prejudice: TV shows, books, comic strips and even the new media all pander to this sexist trend. Western culture is seen as the height of the civil rights movement. Great activists like Louisa G. Anderson and Susan B. Anthony revolutionized Britain, America and the rest of the world. Modern feminism, however, caters to the personal gain and special interests of women. Gender equality applies to men and women alike, despite efforts by feminist elitist to degrade and exclude the male gender. Men endure much of the same injustice as women. Misandry is of equal importance to misogyny, and should be treated with the same intolerance.

Market Analysis of Coca Cola

Market Analysis of Coca Cola Jump to: PEST Analysis | SWOT Analysis Coca-Cola, corporation nourishing the global community with worlds largest selling soft drink since 1886. Its nations top soft drink brand, with the best bottling network. It is the largest marketer of non-alcoholic beverages in the world. In India, Coca Cola was the leading soft drink till 1977 when govt. policies necessitated its departure. It returned to India in 1993 after a 16 year hiatus and made significant investments to ensure that the beverage is available to more and more people, even in the remote and inaccessible parts of the nation. In the minds of worlds consumers the brand has assumed an iconic status. Coca Cola was initially advertised as a remedy for headache and exhaustion. It has been advertising on television for 50 years. COCA COLA INDIA (CCI) Leading player in the Indian beverage market A fortune 500 company in India (73rd position) Coca Cola India with PepsiCo forms Duopoly Includes 24 company-owned bottling operations Came back in 1993 and acquired local brands (Ibef, 2010) (Coca Cola India, 2010) 2. COMPANY BACKGROUND Marketing Coca Cola in India-The post-liberalization period in India saw the comeback of Coca Cola but Pepsi had already beaten Coca-Cola to the punch, by creatively entering the market in the 1980s period by way of a joint venture. In a way Pepsi benefited the Coca Cola by developing the Indian soft drink market in the early years of liberalization .The only disadvantage was that CCI in 1993 applied the American way of life approach in selling its product on the contrary, Pepsi targeted the youth. (Coca Cola India, 2010) 3. The Marketing tools: The Marketing Environment 3.1-The Macro Environment- PEST Analysis of Coca Cola (P)OLITICAL ANALYSIS- Political variables have very little effect on the CCIs selling and production behavior. There are few exceptional things like the environmental protection laws they somewhat effect the industry of coca cola. The state government of Kerala released a report on March 22, 2010 holding Coca Cola responsible for causing pollution and water depletion in a state of Kerala and made it liable for Indian rupees 216 corer for damaged caused as a result of the companys bottling operations. To deal with this problem the company has made proper adjustments in plant and applied the proper way of wastage management. The companys production also gets effected by the elections and military take over because in the day of election any countries production in any field is declined. (E)CONOMICAL ANALYSIS- Inflation in any country is not good from its production point of view. So, coca cola is no exception. Its impact on coca cola is highly negative. In a country like India where there is a high rate of unemployment, CCI directly employs approximately 6,000 people and indirectly creates employment for more than 1,25,000 people in related industries. Its among the countries top investors having invested more than US$ 1 billion in India in the first decade and further pledged another US$ 100 million in 2003 for its operations. (S)OCIAL ANALYSIS- CCI in partnership with the NGO, Bharat Integrated Social Welfare Agency (BISWA) has launched a program to build awareness on micro-nutrient malnutrition (or Hidden Hunger) in the bottom of the socio economic pyramid population in India. They are constantly working to keep their product environmentally and socially beneficial to the communities they serve. Their community water programs are designed to support healthy watersheds and sustainable programs to balance the water used throughout their production process. CCI has been awarded the Social and Corporate Governance Award for Best Practices in Corporate Social Responsibility in 2009. All India Division COBOs are now ISO 14001 certified. (T)ECHNICAL ANALYSIS- The CCI uses the more advanced technology in its production process. Computers have become the basic needs these days and it is giving the way of other industries to come to new technologies and into a new world of business. Computers can increase the efficiency of its business and the latest coke vending machine will now employ the use of (user friendly) touch screen technology. SWOT ANALYSIS OF COCA COLA (S)TRENGTHS Brand Ambassadors-focused target marketing by launching appropriate brand ambassador for the target market. Diverse Product Portfolio. Extremely Recognizable Brand. Improved Quality Control. Heavy Investment. Bottling System. (W)EAKNESSESS Reduced Consumer Purchasing Power. Issues for Health Care. Environmental Destruction. (O)PPORTUNITIES To serve a large geographic diverse area Brand recognition Sponsorships (T)HREATS Substitutes Heath Consciousness Consumer preferences Stiff Competition 3.2-The Micro Environment The micro environment represents those elements over which the marketing firm has full control in order to reach its target market i.e. the 4 Ps, which it can use in order to gain information that will better help it in its marketing operation. MAJOR COMPETITORS Coca cola major competitors is Pepsi as its portfolio includes- PEPSI 7UP NIMBOOZ MIRINDA SLICE MOUNTAIN DEW After CCI it covers the 2nd largest market share % of the soft drink industry in India (Pepsi Co India, 2010) Consumer Behavior- The two factors that dictate the Consumers decision-making process are involvement and perceived risk. The consumer will follow the habitual decision making steps while purchasing coca cola. Habitual Decision Making Product Coca Cola Level of Involvement Low ( unimportant decision ) Perceived Risk Low ( simple , low-cost product ) Information Processing Respond to environmental cues ( shop signage or displays ) Learning Model Behavioral learning ( ad shows product in beautiful setting , creating positive attitude ) Needed Marketing Action Provide environmental cues at point of purchase , such as product display Fig 4.2 extended problem solving versus habitual decision making (Solomon, Marshall, Stuart, Barnes and Mitchell, 2009, Pg151) In India the perception of the people regarding coca cola is that, they consider it as a drink which can quench their thirst as well as creates a sense of belongingness. Indias physical environment is suitable for the sale of soft drinks moreover during festive time sales are doubled. Thus the need of buying a soft drink falls in the first and third level of Maslows Hierarchy of Needs (Exhibit 1.) Situational Influences Physical environment Time Internal Influences Perception Motivation Learning Attitudes Personality Age groups Decision ProcessLifestyle PURCHASE Social Influences Culture Subculture Social class Group memberships Fig 4.4 Influences on Consumer Decision Making (Solomon, Marshall, Stuart, Barnes and Mitchell, 2009, Pg151) SOCIAL MEDIA NETWORKS- Different aspects of social media, which CCI uses in order to communicate with its consumers. This in turn will increase Brand awareness Positive image for the brand 4 THE ORGANISATION MARKETING MIX- 4.1-PRODUCT- http://www.coca-colaindia.com/media/images/brand_logos_all.gif Major Brands of Coca Cola- Coca Cola Diet coke Thumbs Up Sprite Fanta Limca Minute Maid Pulpi Orange Maaza Kinley Minute Maid Nimbu Fresh Georgia Burn http://cdn.i.haymarket.net.au/Utils/ImageResizer.ashx?n=http%3A%2F%2Fi.haymarket.net.au%2FNews%2FCoca-Cola+India.jpegw=460 The product strategy includes decisions such as product design, packaging, branding, etc. Coca Cola brand consists of different packs and flavor. They promote all brands available in brand pack under their product strategy. 4.1.1-Packing Strategy Coca Cola products are available in different packing, in order to capture each and every segment. GLASS PET CAN FOUNTAIN 200ml, 300ml, 500ml,1000ml 500 ml, 1.5 L, 2 L ,2.25 L, 300 ml + 100 ml 330 ml Various Sizes 4.1.2 -THE STRATEGY PLANNING PRODUCT EMPHASIS EXISTING PRODUCTS NEW PRODUCT Existing MarketMarket penetration strategy (Coca Cola) Market EmphasisSeek to increase sales of existing products to existing markets Product development strategy (New Launches e.g. Burn) Create growth by selling new products in existing markets NEW MARKETS Market development strategy Introduce existing products to new markets Diversification strategy Emphasize both new products and new markets to achieve growth Fig 2.4The Growth Strategies (Solomon, Marshall, Stuart, Barnes and Mitchell, 2009, Pg 70) New Launch- CCI launches Burn, Minute Maid Nimbu Fresh and Maaza Milky Delite http://popsop.com/wp-content/uploads/maaza_milky_delite_01.jpg https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicvP-VGf4KqwaUVSDLizdM8wt-mU0vzGE4fCBDhIj2zyYdDA1WW1bBN8NIi4LJsz9VUye9e06iHXLP04hz9yGAmZS68DUdF_q4YOsYif4WT19Ewo8uc7achK5F5rVJp5Sh1csH4hdAS1Cl/s1600/burn.jpg http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100409/ls15.jpg 4.2- PRICE- Firms Pricing Strategies should be based on costs, demand or the prices of competing products. CCI, some time back, had initiated the first cola price war by launching small 200ml packs priced at Rs 5. On the other hand its competitor Pepsi India also reduced its prices of 300ml pack from Rs.8 to Rs. 6. CCI was able to reduce its price from Rs 7 to Rs 5 because it acquired a big glass bottle manufacturing facility which enabled it to offer small bottles at reduced process. PRICE STRATEGY- DIFFERENT PRICE IN DIFFERENT SEASON India is a country with diverse season, summer season is supposed to be a good season for beverage industry. During winters they reduce their prices to maintain their sales and profit. They usually reduce the prices of their pet bottles or 1 litter glass bottle. Even during festivals they offer different price schemes. 4.3-PLACE- 4.3.1DISTRIBUTION STRATEGY- Events- Cricket Matches, FIFA World Cup, World Cup Hockey, Common Wealth Youth Games, Cultural Festivals, Concerts etc. Urban Distribution Network Consumer Retailer Spoke Hubs Bottling Plant Rural Distribution Network 4.3.3-CCI KEY LOCATIONS (Coca Cola India, 2010) 4.4:- PROMOTION CCI follows the Pull Promotion strategy Coca Cola is the official beverage partner of the Common Wealth Games 2010 (CWG), because of which it enjoys exclusive marketing and supply rights for the beverage across its portfolio. CCI has undertaken the largest ever free product sampling program called Delhi celebrates a cultural fiesta where 5000 artists will perform. The companies association with the commonwealth games will provide the opportunity to enhance its brand value. These games will help consumers in connecting with the brand. When product is seen more in the market, they have good sales too because according to the experts the product which is seen more in the market sell more too. Types of Media which CCI uses Print Media Posters and Stickers Material TV Commercials (TVCs) Billboards Holdings Banners Celebrities Getting shelves Sales promotion Placing the product at an eye catching position in the shops UTC scheme (Under the crown scheme) To keep the products in nice condition, company provides-Freezers, display racks, etc Facebook, Twitter, MySpace, YouTube, etc- CCI have their own and separate brands account on these social networking sites, where they directly gets the opinion of todays generation about the existing and new products. http://htmlimg2.scribdassets.com/7lva67i2vf9rsu8/images/19-f744e60085/000.jpg (Google, 2010) 5. THE SEGMENTATION, TARGETTING AND POSITIONING STRATEGY- 5.1-SEGMENTING STRATEGY CCI focuses on Demographic segmentation 1. Generational marketing CCI targets the youth of the country. Coca Cola started using Indian themes in order to appeal the Indian customers. They wanted to communicate with the youth. Considering that the Indian youth respected traditional Indian values coca cola created advertisements showing college students valuing their culture. This connection helped coca cola in creating its own personality with which Indian youth could relate itself and it resulted in the suitable positioning of the brand. 2.Gender- CCI have different product range for different genders like for males there is Coca Cola, Thumps up, for females they have Fanta, for kids they have Maaza. 3. Rural Market- The majority of Indian population i.e. (74%) lives in numerous villages scattered throughout the country. Estimates show that rural India accounts for 58% of Indian rural disposable income and 41% of middle class. 5.2-TARGETING STRATEGY Coca Cola commercials basically target on young generations, because they want to represent Coca Cola with the youth and energy. Rural Market is also a very attractive target- In order to reach to the rural India, CCI had also launched television commercials targeting at rural population. This market covers 80% of Indias new coke drinkers. 5.3 -POSITIONING STRATEGY CCIs Initiative in Indian Market- 5.3.1- Urban India- In order to target the metropolitan areas and large town audience, CCI captured the theme of Celebration and Joy of peoples, they showcases increasing social and economic status of the people in their television commercial (TVCs). This theme they applied for positioning their brand in urban market. Life ho toh aise (life as it should be) was very popular and successful tagline. 5.3.2.-Rural India- Under it they have tapped the local entertainment like fairs and local festivals They increased their TVCs on Doordarshan (the local channel), designed to target rural customers. Its all rural marketing initiatives were well supported by TVCs. In 2002 CCI launched Chota Coke (Mini Coke) at Rs 5considering the pocket size of rural consumers. CCI communicated this price cut message with the help of TVC featuring leading Hindi movies star Amir Khan in rural settings to enable proper brand association because large number of people inspire to emulate these celebrities. It will help in creating the right identity for the brand. Its tagline gained a lot of popularity Thanda Matlab Coca Cola (Cold Means Coca Cola) (You Tube, 2010) http://www.thaindian.com/images/stories/aamircoke.jpg Exhibit: Thanda Matlab Coca-Cola Advertising Campaign 6.-RECOMMENDATIONS- New Strategy- Rural market (MARKET IS CREATED AND NOT BORN) Rural consumers are inclined more towards the home made drinks like Lassi, lemonade etc. So, we need to target them when they are out of their home and will need something to quench their thirst. Rural India with the average income of Rs 100/day, consider coca cola whose average price comes around Rs 10, as a luxury product .Moreover soft drinks categories are undifferentiated in the minds of rural consumers. The good news is that the rural consumer market which grew 25% in 2008 is expected to reach US$ 425 billion in 2010-11 with 720-790 million customers. 1. As this market is not fully utilized, there lays a huge scope to reposition the brand in a more effective way to prove that CCI is the suitable brand meant for rural customers and there is a need to shift it from luxury item category to every day product category. 2. An appropriate marketing strategy is required, which is only possible by listening to consumers needs and requirements. Advertising Strategy- Looking at the tough competitors there is a need for aggressive marketing campaign. Announce a new campaign for CCI. In order to connect with the rural population, CCI should increase social welfare activities. Prior creating the ad ,following points should be kept in mind- Selecting an appropriate brand ambassador with which the rural population could relate itself with. Brand promotion by targeting folk and traditional culture. To think local we have to act local. Distribution Strategy- There is a need to extend CCIs distribution channel especially in rural sector. Creating an Extended Distribution channel available all over India, it will provide support to TV commercials. Branding Strategy- There is a need to restructure the communication channel, which will bring open and honest views of the people (public, media, employees, suppliers, state and national government, channels). It is the only solution to resolve the issues in a way that it benefits the Indian consumers as well as CCI.

Peaches Essay -- Character Analysis, Marcus, Reginald McKnight

In the story â€Å"Peaches†, Reginald McKnight introduces his main characters, one being Marcus. Marcus is a good guy, but he is described in many different ways, due to his bad temper and immaturity level. Throughout the work, author Reginald McKnight takes great care to illustrate situations and describe feelings and personalities that many men experience. This way, even though Marcus is having trouble controlling himself around other people and arrogant at times, he still tries to be a better person for Rita and for himself. He does this by going out of the country to experience other cultures and enhance his morals. Although Marcus is strong and eager, he is actually an easily irascible, impatient, immature, manipulative, unstable man whose inexperience does not prepare him for the frequent mishaps in his life. Marcus himself is white, and like most guys he is constantly nitpicking at not just anything, but everything he says and does. Even in realizing that he is being a complete neurotic, one can see that Marcus actions are a sign of his impatience. He has habits of always unknowingly insulting himself and exclaiming, â€Å"I’m the one who needs to change,† (73) two practices that reveal his insecurity and contradict his belief that, â€Å"If anything, I can give you more because my world is so different from yours† (74) which he stated to Rita. Even when Rita re-assures Marcus that â€Å"It’s got nothing to do with your beliefs. Really. I’m just preoccupied†¦..we can talk about this tomorrow, at dinner?† (74) His first concern is himself and asks Rita â€Å"Is it because you think I got no soul or some crap like that, isn’t it?† (74). He feels that his race is the reason Rita has been avoiding him. He reasons that the tension e xisting between him a... ...ially drawn to Rita, not for her â€Å"frizzy, uncombable black hair, or burdensome breasts, but the face that he insisted no guy on campus could forget, and the legs he insisted were not birdlike† (73). Due to Marcus’ personality traits he did not seem to notice that he was sabotaging any possibility of ever having anything serious with Rita. In creating a character so obvious in his irascibility, duality and selfishness, Reginald McKnight also creates a character we can sympathize with. McKnight created a sense that Marcus was an eager individual, who set himself apart from society, but in doing so, he set himself up for failure. This, if anything, makes use aware that negative remarks and statements can lead to a very negative end result. We are forced to form our own conclusion and conform to the fact that no matter how many miles away, one person may never change.

Child Observation Report Essay -- Adolescent Behavior

Confidential Material Detailed report of five observations. The names used in this Observation Report are fictitious. This is absolutely necessary to protect the privacy of the children being observed. Observation #1: Ron and aggression Date and time: Wednesday April 16, 2014; 11:25-12:50 Setting: Playground for 1st/2nd grade recess 11:25-11:50, 3rd/4th grade 11:55-12:20, Kindergarten recess 12:25-12:50 Activities observed: Children climbing across the climbing rings, watching children pretend play at the tire mountain and under the large wooden play structure with the blue plastic slide. My interaction with the children: I spent a lot of time answering questions about my name and where I am from for the children. Example A: There was one child named â€Å"Ron† on the first recess who was racing across the rings with another child, lost the race and fell to the ground. He then started to cry and called himself a loser. I pulled him aside to try to talk to him to find out what was wrong. He kept telling me that he was a loser because he didn’t win the race and he never wins, and that â€Å"all my friends think I am a loser because I cry all the time. They make fun of me because I cry. They beat me up. I am a loser.† I tried to reassure him and tell him I did not think he was a loser. I explained how I thought one of the reasons he lost the race was because he had been climbing across the rings for most of recess was tired from racing. He continued to cry even after his friends came over and tried to get him to play. He just sat in the sand sobbing, so I tried to tell him that his friends came over and asked him to play so it did not appear that they think he is a loser. He said they would beat him up. I tried to get him to go and see if they would play; initially, he refused to interact with his friends but then he got up and tried to find his friends. He searched for a few minutes and when he could not find them he started crying again and walked away from me. Date and time: Monday, April 21, 2014; 11:25-12:50 Setting: Playground for 1st/2nd grade recess 11:25-11:50, 3rd/4th grade 11:55-12:20, Kindergarten recess 12:25-12:50 Activities observed: Chi... ...g & Homer, Bruce. (1999). Children as folk psychologists: The developing understanding of the mind. In A. Slater & D. Muir (Eds.), The Blackwell reader in Developmental Psychology (pp. 228-252). Oxford, England: Blackwell Publishers. Pepler, Debra, Craig, Wendy M., & O’Connell, Paul. (1999). Understanding bullying from a dynamics systems perspective. In A. Slater & D. Muir (Eds.), The Blackwell reader in Developmental Psychology (pp. 440-451). Oxford, England: Blackwell Publishers. Putallaz, Martha, & Wasserman, Aviva. (1990). Children’s entry behavior. In S.R. Asher & J. D. Coie (Eds.), Peer rejection in childhood (pp. 60-76). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Rubin, Kenneth H., Burgess, Kim B., Coplan, Robert, J. (2002). Social withdrawal and shyness. In P. K. Smith & C.H. Hart (Eds.). Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Social Development (pp. 329-352). Oxford, England: Blackwell Publishers. Seifert, Kelvin L., Hoffnung, Robert J., & Hoffnung, Michele. (1997). Play. In Lifespan Development (pp. 221-228). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Shaffer, David R. (2000). Social & Personality Development (4th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth: Thomas Learning.

Management of Email in a Government Agency Essay -- Email Management P

I often read technical journals and information management publications in print as well as web based articles or white papers. I like to educate myself as well as stay current on the most recent information on Information Management. I feel for my rhetorical essay it’s best to stick to what I know and what I’m familiar with. The article I chose to elaborate on comes from the January/February 2014 issue of Information Management , an ARMA Publication. It addresses the ongoing issues of email management and email retention. Most organizations, civilian and government struggle with the problem of email storage and email retention. In an ideal world it would be the desire of the organization to limit the amount of email and the length of email retention to an across the board timeframe, 3 years, 5 years, 7 years, 10 years or longer for specific records. Although uniform retention periods are a goal and objective for many organizations, it isn’t very realistic for most government entities. Dr. William Saffady begins his article â€Å"Taking Control of E-Mail with Uniform Retention Rules† questioning the practicality of schedule-based retention periods for the management of email and electronic communication. He recommends an alternative system of managing email messages by adopting uniform retention rules. Dr. Saffady is currently Professor at the Palmer School of Library and Information Science, Long Island University in New Your City, where he teaches courses on information management topics. He is definitely well versed in his field and more than qualified in his assessment if email management. Although Dr. Saffady is well qualified to his opinion and make recommendations but I have to disagree with his as... ...urrently Cook County where I work have over 20,000 employees. The management of email for 20,000 employees is a huge task but one that must be taken seriously. References Arizona State Library of Archives and Public Records. (n.d.). â€Å"Guideline for managing public records sent and received via electronic mail†. http://www.azlibrary.gov/records/GuidanceAndRelatedResources/GuidelinesForManagingPublicRecordsSentAndReceivedViaElectronicMail.aspx Live Office – Your Archiving Experts. (2010 July). â€Å" Best Practices Guide for Email Retention.† Retrieved March 11, 2014 from http://www.liveoffice.com/sites/default/files/whitepapers/Best_Practices_Guide_for_Email_Retention_0.pdf Saffady, William, PhD., (2014) â€Å"Taking Control of E-Mail with Uniform Retention Rules† , Information Management, An ARMA International Publication, Volume 48, No 1, 20-26

The Museum of Fine Arts

The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston is an expansive collection of art and artifacts that span multiple cultures and historical periods, as well as art movements, from classical to modern. Since the focus of this class is Ancient Egypt through to the European Middle Ages these were the exhibits in which I was mostly interested during my visit. The museum itself has a much more broad focus, but there is a great deal of pieces that fit into the time periods of our course and it was fascinating to really see the cultural remnants of the people and historical periods which we are studying. My visit was really interesting because of how incredible the collections of the museum were. There was interesting artwork from different cultures, like their Asian collection, and of course the more modern pieces that really brought to light the changes in movements in art throughout time. There was not a guided tour that I was able to participate in during my visit, but I was able to do a self-guided tour throughout most of the museum and found the entire building to be easy to navigate and beautiful to the eye. The ancient art was the first stop on my tour of the museum because it is the first time period that we have studied. There was a lot of beautiful pieces found here, including pottery and other cultural items, but some of the artifacts were much more beautiful and elaborate. There was a beautiful coffin of Osiris, that really had a lot of elaborate detail that made it come alive as an artifact. For me, the other artifacts that emphasized the gods, including a of sculpture of the god Thoth as a baboon and other Greek and Roman artifacts that all deal with deities, were an important lesson in how important it was to these groups of people. For them, the stories of their gods and goddesses were as connected with them and their world as they were. They saw their deities in nature around them and in their own homes. That is why the gods are felt everywhere in their artwork and why their stories are so well depicted. This, like this course, has given me a greater understanding of how the beliefs of ancient peoples is connected to their culture in a way that cannot be ignored, it was such a great force in their lives. The European exhibit was in two parts. There was the exhibit that dealt with Early Christian artwork, which transitioned from early to Renaissance and Baroque artwork. There is also another permanent exhibit called the Sarah Campbell Blaffer Collection. In these collections I was able to get another strong vision of what was important to the people who lived in the Middle Ages of Europe. The Early Christian artwork was very interesting as it, like the ancient work before it, shows the importance of faith to artists during the time in which it was created. One of the prize works of these collections is an ivory statue of God the Father that was awe-inspiring in its simplicity and it’s beauty. There was also a gothic Virgin and Child sculpture that was created by Niclaus Weckman the Elder. Both of these items were beautiful and showed me how important the things we’re learning in this course are to our understanding of the past. It was fascinating to see what we have learned come to life in the sculpture, artifacts, and paintings found at this museum.

Harm the Environment of Air Pollution

HARM THE ENVIRONMENT OF AIR POLLUTION 1. Harm to human health and animal life on earth:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Air pollution on the human body and animals primarily via the respiratory tract as well as direct effects on the eyes and skin of the body. They cause diseases such as suffocation, acute pulmonary edema, a number of irritating contaminants for coughs, asthma, tuberculosis, lung cancer, causing bitter tears, cause allergies, itching on  skin, urticaria, stone dust and asbestos dust causes lung †¦ Are some of the most dangerous air pollutants cause cancer. The impact of pollutants on respiratory strong or weak, in part dependent on their solubility in water. If contaminants are soluble in water when the air we breathe, we will dissolve the liquid in the airways and impact on the agency. Nature into the lungs of a variety of pollutants has been linked to the presence of the aerosol in the air. Normally these contaminants do not penetrate deep into the trachea and bronchi, but thanks to the aerosol absorption which can penetrate deeper in the lungs and until the alveoli. Environmental pollution of air increased the proportion of people suffering from respiratory disease (pharyngitis, rhinitis, sinusitis), lower respiratory disease (pneumonia, asthma, tuberculosis), neurodegenerative diseases, diseasesheadaches, heart disease, skin diseases, eye diseases and allergies. In environments where the air is more polluted as the proportion of infected adults. In general, animal husbandry and wildlife are sensitive to air pollution is greater than man. In some major industrial countries, some animals have perished because of environmental pollution. . Harm to the plant: Most of these pollutants in ambient air have adverse effects to plants, causing adverse effects for agriculture and horticulture. Expression is making slow crop development, especially photochemical smog has caused great harm to the vegetables: lettuce, peas, rice, corn, fruit trees and other rooms  lan. The components of environmental pollution in the air as sulfuro SO2, HF hydrogen fluorid e, sodium chloride, NaCl, the vapor or dust from the manufacture of copper, lead, zinc, dying †¦ Especially the gas coming from the lime kiln  , hand-baked bricks, even if their concentration is low also slows the growth of plants, high concentrations of gold leaf work, as fruits are flat, cracked, was punched and higher level  the fruit and leaves were falling, necrotic. The type of rock dust clinging to tree leaves many also affect plant growth because of reduced chlorophyll contents of the process of plant photosynthesis. These plants have flower buds turned down on the ground are less affected by dust pollution than plants with flower buds to the sky. However, there are pollutants is good for plants, is to enhance plant growth, especially for algae such as phosphorus, nitrogen and carbon. 3. Damage to the material: In general, air pollution has negative effects, materials, textures and furniture and damaged equipment immediately. The air pollutants such as SO2, H2SO4, chloride, the sol air †¦ make steel rust and damage the weld metal and construction materials quickly. Therefore, reducing the life and works to speed up repairs. The stones used in construction will be damaged if the air contains more CO2 because the CO2 is high humidity will combine with moisture to form carbonic acid H2CO3, we causticity,  forming long slit trench on the rocks. The copper oxide pollutants, sulfur oxides have negative effects for textiles, paper and leather. With the advent of supersonic aircraft noise pollution has caused a very dangerous aircraft. The supersonic blast emits the sound (sound bombs) with high pressure in excess of 100 N/m2. The explosion sound is capable of building structural damage such as broken windows. 4. The effects of pollution on climate: Environmental pollution of air without adversely affecting the climate of the region but also affect global climate. Affect the global climate is reflected in the formation of the greenhouse effect of CO2 levels, global temperatures increase, raising sea levels or the ozone hole phenomenon, umbrella protects life on  Earth from ultraviolet radiation from the sun destroy †¦ Here are some of the effects of pollution on local climate. a. High temperatures: Daily minimum temperature in urban areas than rural high around 2 – 5oC and mean annual temperature is generally higher than 0. 5 to 1. 3 oC. It is caused by fuel combustion and the production process by the method of processing large amounts of heat radiating heat already in the atmosphere, and surface area of uildings, roads, yards occupy much, they draw picturessolar surface has more trees in the countryside. On the other hand, vacuum thermal evaporation in the city less than in rural areas. In contrast, the relative humidity of the air in cities than in rural low 2-8%. b. Reduced solar radiation and increase the cloud:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The smoke dust, smog pollution of urban air absorption effect from 10 to 20% of solar radiation and reducing visibility, ie reducing the transparency of the atmosphere. The dust, the aerosol produced by the operation, traffic and human activity released into the air can create condensation nuclei of water vapor in the atmosphere. Water vapor deposition in urban areas is often greater in rural areas from 50 to 10%. Based on the scientific and technical achievements today humans can actively control a variation in climate as methods of reducing artificial fog at the airport, making artificial rain, meltHurricane †¦

Millennial Generation

————————————————- Using the five paragraph essay format, please present your perspective on the following topic. Provide examples to support your response. Include the proper APA citation(s) in your essay. ————————————————- Topic: Organization, time management, and effective communication are key elements to online learning. Discuss how you can use each of these elements toward your professional career. ————————————————- ————————————————- Today’s young Airman comes from the Millennial Generation and believes they inherently understand three important skill sets; organization, time management and communication. In speaking with them, they all point back to their mastery of today’s technology and social media applications as the reason they believe these skill sets come so naturally to them. Leading, managing and training Airmen in today’s Air Force is not only complicated, it can be quite frustrating for those who did not grow up with the technology currently available. The millennial Airman not only grew up with a full range of technology, but considers it a requirement to daily life. Hartman and McCambridge (2011) citing references (Tyler, 2007) describe millennials as those individuals born between 1980 and 2002, characterized as technologically sophisticated multi-taskers, who are accustomed to working in teams and who rely on their parents for guidance as they struggle to make decisions independently. While technology and resulting social media sites can assist us in organizing, managing and communicating, there is no substitute for experience. ————————————————- The Air Force, like most companies, businesses and groups requires organization skills at every level. While military life is full of structure, leadership within internal groups cannot effectively manage without organizing the force. Of the three skill sets discussed, this is where the millennials seem to excel. They eagerly embrace and utilize available tools to quickly accomplish the mission. When grouped and tasked with a project, they will immediately seek out the best tool to map out the plan and track progress, regardless of whether that tool is a white board or Microsoft Office © applications. ———————————————— Unlike their organizing aptitude, time management skills are clearly lacking in the millennial Airmen. Constantly bombarded with text messages and Facebook © updates on their readily available smart phone, they will halt a task just to check updates and st atuses on any number of applications. Hansen and Hansen (n. d. ) in their quintcareers. com article recognized effective and timely project implementation as one of the skills sought most by today’s employers. Not only is timely project completion important, but so is managing daily tasks. Talk with a millennial and you find they place stock in multi-tasking, but get distracted easily, thus failing to complete projects in a timely manner. ————————————————- Finally, effective communication is by far the most important of the three discussed skill sets and where the millennial Airman requires the most training and education. After researching numerous studies, Hartman and McCambridge (2011) concluded that effective communication is directly linked to an organization’s success. While communication comes in many forms (spoken, written, gestured, etc), the millennial tends to fall short in many, if not all. Just review a short email and you will find misspellings and a complete lack of grammar similar to a phone text. The millennial will argue that text messaging is evolving with its own grammar and syntax. While this may be true, an office’s professional correspondence requires effective grammar in order to move the mission forward. ————————————————- The Air Force’s future relies on the many aptitudes its people possess. While the three discussed here are just a sampling, they represent some important areas leaders and managers must concentrate on remain effective. In the book Taking Charge: Making the Right Choices (Smith, 1993), the author has rank-ordered twenty fundamental skills that every leader must possess and continually improve upon. Communication, time management and organization are numbered two, five and nine respectively (pages 2-5). By building upon these and many other skills, an organization will ensure its success and continued growth. With regard to the discussed skill sets, the millennial Airman brings an impressive array of tools centered around online collaboration. While they do not lack enthusiasm, they do require leadership to fine-tune these skills and make positive changes. ————————————————- ————————————————- References: ————————————————- Hartman J. & McCambridge J. (2011). Optimizing Millennials’ Communication Styles. Business Communication Quarterly, 74, 22-43. ————————————————- —————————— ——————- Tyler, K. (2007, May). The tethered generation. HR Magazine, 41-46. ————————————————- ————————————————- Hansen R. & Hansen K. (n. d. ), What Do Employers Really Want? Top Skills and Values Employers Seek from Job-Seekers. Retrieved from http://www. quintcareers. com/job_skills_values. html ————————————————- ————————————————- Perry, S. (1993), Taking Charge: Making the Right Choices. Garden City Park, NY: Avery Publishing Group Inc. ——————————————â €”—- ———————————————— ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————— ———————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————- ————————————————-

Leaders: born or made

There has always been a difference opinion on whether leaders are made or born. At numerous times people have been heard to exclaim about someone that he or she is a person that is born to lead. People have tendency to believe that good and effective leaders are people who are naturally bestowed with excellent communication skills, persuasive ability, and born with knack to integrate them in any team structure. Further, there are also firm opinions that it is not possible for every one to naturally acquire the skills of seamlessly inspiring a group of people, set sufficient challenges, and make every one of the group to accept those challenges and strive together to achieve them.However, years of academic research among leaders from social, business and corporate world and political domain have brought out results that stand contrary to popular perception of leaders and their ‘innate qualities and abilities’ of leading people and show that effective leadership is an art that can be very much learned and practiced to perfection by anyone who devotes sufficient time and attention to it.   This paper takes the point of view that leadership is a quality that can be learned by anyone with ordinary levels of intelligence and smartness and looks into the range of skills, requirements and capabilities needed by a person to develop leadership qualities.Leadership: DefinitionLeadership is the attribute of inspiring people to channel their efforts towards achieving common goals and objectives (Rosenbach and Taylor, 1998, 1). Leadership is the recognition that attainment of the group objectives and goals can be accomplished through empowering individuals and encouraging them to overcome their rank and position in order to associate themselves and their colleagues with specific works, duties and responsibilities by setting directions, building commitment and taking challenges (Day and Halpin, 2004, 3). An important attribute of a leader is his ability to comm and implicit faith, confidence, and respect of his followers, irrespective of his position and power in the organization.. A leader motivates the employees by setting personal examples, and takes decisions that are quite unconventional, innovative and on the spot to resolve a deadlock. However, the most important quality of a leader is that he/she encourages leadership qualities their followers and help to create a multi-tier leader structure within the organization/group.Organizational leadership: Roles and necessitiesAs the corporate world becomes increasingly competitive and diversified, organizational focus has shifted on developing leadership talents among the employees to maintain their competitive edge.   Transnational companies, with their multi-level reporting structure, multiple communication networks, numerous levels of responsibilities and faced with significant differences in time, language and organizational culture are faced with the responsibility of leadership dev elopment among their employees to meet customers’ demands within the limited time and resources (Collins, 2001).  Organizations are managed by several forms of leadership based on the exertion of authority within the organization. Two main, but interconnected types of leadership in organizations are the transformational leadership and the transactional leadership, both having strong philosophical and ethical foundations. Transformational leadership gives followers the opportunity to assess the leader’s view, to seek explanations and provide solutions, while transactional leadership is more based on imposition, where followers are driven by the praise, promise or reward of the leader. In the transactional leadership, the followers are confronted by reproof, threats and disciplinary actions.Transformational leadership has become more popular in the last three decades primarily due to the changing global economy. Transformational leadership promotes equality, justice an d human rights through loyalty and fairness. Recent findings suggest that team performance and communication are improved under transformational leadership. Authentic transformational leaders are sometimes transactional too. The leader may present his opinion, plans and exhort agreement on them, which however may be in the mutual interest of all involved. I consider myself as a typical transformational leader open to criticism and discussion, unafraid of my decisions being questioned. After all only collective thinking and cooperation can bring results.Today the business world realizes that leadership is neither hierarchal nor stratified nor leadership is management. Instead leadership is about inspiring people to pool themselves together towards achieving common goals and objectives (Rosenbach and Taylor, 1998, 1. Leadership is about building commitment and taking challenges by timely distribution of specific works, duties and responsibilities and through setting directions (Day an d Halpin, 2004, 3). Its not surprising then that companies are ready to invest hugely in leadership development program, as a guaranteed way to emerge ahead than their competitors.Developing Leadership QualitiesThere are abundant examples from almost every quarter of business and public domains to show that with well help   designed training programs and experience even otherwise ordinary individuals can emerge as successful leaders in their own spheres. Leadership development process works on two levels. It is suggested coaching and mentoring involves practical and goal focused methods of individual and group learning and behavioral change. For obtaining most effective results and developing specific leadership skills coaching allows individuals to collaborate in methodologically assessing, understanding and solving the issue before them. It leads them to challenge the existing solution models and explore further possibilities through joint effort and accountability. Mentoring is an essential part of educational program, involves commitment and long term relationship between a senior employee and a junior employee where the latter helps in professional and personal development of the former.The second level of leadership development is action learning that requires participants to tackle   real life and real time organizational problems (ibid). Through a careful selection of objectives and problems, participants are trained on delivering organizational results, communication learning and management and develop general leadership qualities. It benefits participants greatly as it provides them crucial exposure and considerable experience within a short time. Along with these, modern organizations have also adopted the technique of job rotation, so that individuals have widest possible exposure and experience of company’s functional and organizational processes.It is vital to remember that the focus should not be on teaching leadership, instead gettin g participants to learn leadership. Every person has a potential to emerge in a leader by gaining   knowledge, purpose and experience and apply themselves more   effectively in their personal and professional domains Leadership is not a characteristic that can unfold in isolation. By its definition, it implies establishing coordination, cooperation, collaboration and orientation among the followers to achieve the designated objectives and goals. However, it is only possible when leaders can inspire their followers with respect, admiration, discipline, sense of emulation and confidence in the abilities of the leader while being helped to envision themselves as empowered individuals (Brown and Lord, 2004, 2).  Most relevant qualities of a leaderWithin every social, institutional or organizational structure, a leader is always looked upon the person with abilities to broach reconciliation and resolution in situation of conflict. A good leader exercises his control over most compl ex, demanding and otherwise impossible condition by exhibiting personal integrity, ethical and moral traits and values that other can relate to and get inspired to include them in their personal conduct (Laurie, 2000, 53). Another very crucial characteristics of leadership is that it produces new leaders from among the followers and hence, through a multiplier effect, results in empowerment of individuals and communities.Leadership helps the followers to discover and grow their internal abilities and encourage them to become an integral part of the process, not a mere tool. This causes a reinstating of self pride and confidence among followers and it earns leaders willing obedience of people who realize the integrity of the leader in creating a just, legitimate and encouraging environment where they see themselves as valued members and in turn lend their unconditional support to the joint cause under the leadership (Messick, 2005, 81)Arguably, there are no definite copybook rules to construct a leader. The difficulties, complexities, and challenges associated with a situation give impetus to leadership qualities in otherwise ordinary people who believe in themselves that they are capable of rising up to the difficulties as well as helping others out of it. Therefore although it might be difficult to ‘teach’ a person quality of good leader, yet one can expect to inculcate leadership qualities by observing styles and principles of successful leaders. It is said that a leader is a dealer in hope. Leadership is then about inspiration, motivation, encouragement and direction that pulls people to accomplishments that they would not had managed if left alone. However, effective leadership is a very challenging domain as it requires some impeccable personal and organizational traits that can be developed and realized through considerable experience, knowledge and self- discipline.  Quite often the leadership is situational and the leader is required to act purely through intuition and circumstantial requirements. However there are certain essential skills and characteristics that are rather mandatory for effective leadership are1 Trustworthiness: Trustworthiness is about integrity in action. Effective leadership is about achieving coordination in words and actions and following the age old principles of truth, honesty and personal integrity.2. Fairness: Leaders can’t afford to be biased or prejudiced or it would jeopardize the confidence of the followers in their secular character.3. Communication and listening skill. Leadership requires excellent communication and listening skill through which the leaders can articulate their views unambiguously and also hear the views of others to give them sense of participation and involvement.4. Initiative: Leadership is about taking initiative and orienting other people towards it. Taking initiative pulls the organization rapidly ahead.5. Good judgment: Leaders must have the ability t o process all information in the backdrop of their knowledge to make correct decisions6. Motivational capacity: Leadership is ineffective if it cant motivate people to the dream and vision of the leader. It is the most desirous quality of a leader and one that is hallmark of leadership.Motivation has a large role to play in developing leadership. According to Isaac, Pitt and Zerbe (2001) individuals aspiring for leadership are greatly assisted a motivational model, called as expectancy theory, that suggests that self interest prompts individuals to charter a course where they tend to maximize the chances of success and growth. Thus self interest acts as a motivation that spurs people to take upon leadership roles and aspire to meet needs of followers along with requirements of the organization (ibid). Also, when leaders meet with followers, it generally results in entire work atmosphere getting highly motivated and people are spirited with aspiration to transcend their present roles and step in the role of leaders (ibid).Leadership is influenced by both extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation. In the former, motivational behavior is seen as product of external rewards and remunerations while the latter treat motivational behavior as result of internal drives such as enjoyment of work and inner sense of competence (Isaac, Pitt and Zerbe). In either case, individuals are motivated to assume leadership to maximize their self-interest.Leadership: Personal AttributesA good leader should be honest, loyal and committed to the goals of the organization he intends to lead. A good leader should not have a desire for wrongful gains or hidden agendas. This is why perhaps people emphasize on transparency in all dealings of any organization. Some leaders have a self plan and pursue them rather than acting in the interests of the organization. Committed to the cause of the organization or group and being live to the sacrifices and pains of your colleagues is a basic qu ality of a good leader. National leaders and particularly the freedom fighters of several nations had steadfast qualities and determination in them, which helped them carry on and ultimately succeed. A good leader is perhaps a good follower.There is never a stage in which one can have mastered everything and this applies even to leadership. Each day brings learning and experience of various types. A good leader is one who applies these learning and experience by identifying the most appropriate situation of their application.   perhaps the rights and wrongs of your own acts too. . A leader is accountable for his actions and should voluntarily open up to any questions or suspicions in his dealings. Similarly a good leader should also emphasize such qualities among his followers and make them accountable too. Simplicity is a mark of identity for any leader and projecting himself as a role model. A leader’s thoughts, actions and words should be a reflection of him, inspiring a ll who follow. A leader indeed should have uncommon qualities to successfully lead his organization.ConclusionLeadership is a quality that comes through effective utilization of experience, education, self-evaluation eagerness to learn and grow. None of these qualities require a transcendental genius or divine abilities to master. They are human attributes that are present among every one of us and given time, training and motivation to master them. The truth about leadership is that any person who has wholly ingrained the necessary leadership qualities as an integral part of their character would appear as one who is born with them.referenceCollins DB, 2001, ‘Organizational Performance: The Future Focus of Leadership Development Programs’, Journal of Leadership Studies. Volume: 7. Issue: 4.Day DV and Halpin SM, 2004, Leader Development for Transforming Organizations: Growing Leaders for Tomorrow,   (edit) David V. Day, Stanley M. Halpin, Stephen J. Zaccaro, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,   Mahwah, NJ.Rosenbach WE and Taylor RL, 1998, Contemporary Issues in Leadership, (edit) William E. Rosenbach, Robert L. Taylor, Westview Press,Boulder, CO.Brown DJ, Lord, RG,   2004, Leadership Processes and Follower Self-Identity,   Lawrence Erlbaum Mahwah, NJChampy J, Nohria N, 1999, The Arc of Ambition: Defining the Leadership Journey, Perseus Books (Current Publisher: Perseus PublishingCambridge, MA.Rosenbach WE and Taylor RL, 1998, Contemporary Issues in Leadership, (edit) William E. Rosenbach, Robert L. Taylor, Westview Press,Boulder, CO.

The Recession in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Recession in the UK - Essay Example This trend of borrowing also impacted UK banks and financial institutions as well, but the extent was less of course. Once the banks find the lending much lucrative with attractive returns and talks of all round developments, banks start lending to the maximum extent possible, with the notion that 'high risk implies higher returns'. In some case the banks also start lending money to high risk customers as well, in the belief that they'd be able to extract the money in any form from the borrower. This trend gradually spread to sub-prime lending practices. This type of lending is not very common around the world, but in US and UK such lending is preferred by specific categories of population, who are categorised as high credit risk population. But in recent past when sub-prime borrowers started preferring to desert their houses instead of paying back the loans, the banks found themselves under huge debt. This set in motion a chain reaction, resulting in adverse impacts on the stock market, which in turn impacted the confidence of an average investor. The ups and down in equity markets is not a new ph enomenon, but the UK equity markets have not recovered from the shake ups. With threats of failure of many reputed banks, the stock market appeared to be the only option where the investor can look for liquid cash. This started a continuous downtrend in stock markets in US and UK. Having stakes in international markets the Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs) in turn started selling their stakes in other markets as well. The trend has been continuing. The net result inter-banking borrowing rates were hiked by banks in order to preserve maximum liquid assets for instilling confidence amongst their customers. Once the bank to bank rates were on the rise, developmental projects started taking a hit, which in turn had an impact on the marketing potential of a whole range of materials including building materials, consumer goods and services etc. With rumours of failing banks, people started taking out their deposits from banks and instead started keeping the money within their custody. This resulted in difficult situation for banks and many banks were on the verge of going bust in UK. Owing to such circumstances, government of Iceland was also forced to intervene. Glitnir bank became the first bank to be nationalised by the Iceland government (Wardell and Satter, 2008). This trend is also quite apparent the world over in many countries including US, Saudi Arabia, China, Japan etc. in order to avoid major breakdowns in the respective economies. Now people are left with less disposable incomes, as some of the investments are stuck up in stock market, some others are gone bust with drowning banks and financial institutions. With companies also resorting to job-cuts, the disposable income levels are further going down with each passing day. People having taken loans from banks and other financial institutions started finding themselves in difficult position to payback those loans. This had a cascading effect on those banks which had earlier resorted to sub-prime lending and unreasonable lending. And banks started feeling the pressure. Northern Rock started sending out SOS signals to the government of UK. Subsequently the government started measures to nationalise the Northern Rock and pump in money